PEMANFAATAN SUMBERDAYA PAKAN LOKAL UNTUK
PENGEMBANGAN USAHA SAPI POTONG
Utilization of Local Feed Resources
to Develop Beef Cattle
DIDIEK EKO WAHYONO1 dan RULY
HARDIANTO2
1Loka Penelitian Sapi Potong,
Grati, Pasuruan 67184
2Balai Pengkajian Teknologi
Pertanian Jawa Timur
ABSTRACT
Development of beef cattle in the future
should be carried out through sustainable agribusiness approach. Beef cattle
farming system should be modern and more professionally managed through
application of technology innovation focusing on the aspect of business
efficiency. It should also be supported by development of feed industry through
optimal utilization of local specific feed material and integrated crops
livestock
system orientation. There is a huge potential of local feed material obtained
from agricultural and plantation waste, but still low in its utilization for
feed. However, agro-industrial by products has been commonly used for feed by
livestock raisers except those of various cake types. Complete feed technology
is one of technologies to utilize the agro-industrial waste for ruminants feed
through certain physical and processing technique and supplementation. The
process includes cutting the material into small pieces, drying,
milling/crushing, mixing the fibers and the liquid or solid concentrate, and
packing. Utilization of agricultural and plantation waste available locally in
combination with agro-industrial waste seems to be a promising effort in
development of economical feed industry.
Key words: Local
material, by product, complete feed, beef cattle
INTRODUCTION
Still fragile in the feed industry Indonesia,
one of which caused still high dependence on raw materials imports. This
shortcoming needs to be addressed through self-sufficiency efforts sapronak
main feed. The devastation caused by agribusiness poultry feeding problems during
the monetary crisis should not let it happen again and overwrite the industry ruminants.
The key lies in aspects of feed raw materials, so that the solution is through
the efforts and efforts to improve food self-sufficiency quality of feed raw
materials sourced fromlocal.
Development of beef cattle need to
be serious concern given the demand for meatcan not be met in the country.
Wrong An obstacle often encountered is low productivity of livestock because of
the quality Low feed. On the other hand, the potential for material local raw
feed such as agricultural waste and plantation has not been used optimal, and
are mostly used as fuel, organic fertilizer and raw materials industry. Efforts
can be made to optimize the utilization of waste agriculture and plantations
for animal feed can be achieved by improving the quality and plantation
agricultural waste through fermentation technology, supplementation and manufacture
of complete feed (complete feed).
Types
of agricultural waste and
plantation potential is seen from the quality
Cereal crop straw.
While the views of
production of rice straw, leaves and shoots
of sugar cane ranks first.
Low quality of rice
straw, leaves and shoots of
sugar cane caused by selolusa and lignin content high,
whereas the nutrient content, mineral
essential vitamins and low. physical
treatment can be done to improve the quality and
plantation agricultural waste in a way expand the surface of feed and soften
material texture. treatment includes cutting
(choping), destruction, milling (grinding) and
the manufacture of pellets.
Biological treatment is one of the efforts lighten
the work of rumen microbes.
On This treatment
of fiber materials have activity ensimatis by
rumen microbes outside.
Type microbes that can be used for hay among other fungi
and yeasts.
Diversified
utilization of byproducts (by-product) is often regarded as waste (waste) from the activities
of agro-industry and biomass
derived from agricultural
waste and plantations to feed has led agribusiness development ruminants in integrated in a production system integrated with farming and
plantation through biomass recycling-friendly environment or the well
known "zero waste production
system ".
Upstream
sub-sector agribusiness development such as the feed industry is one supporting
the development of
beef cattle that will directly help
solve the problems of the farmers in terms of sapronak. Reality on the ground shows there are still many farmers who without
improvised feed attention
to quality requirements, quantity
and efficiency of
administration. Consequently, productivity
of livestock is not optimal,
even many of the
farmers who suffered losses due to inadequate feeding.
Besides the
large influence on
the productivity of livestock, feed
also is a considerable
production cost in
the cattle business. Thus, not only required to produce feed feasibility
of the aspects of the quality and adequacy nutrition, but also
how to produce the feed is economical, cheap
and affordable by
the ability of the breeder.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Complete
feed made from materials and plantation agricultural waste as sources of
fiber such as peanut skins, soybean straw, corn cobs, sugar cane tops, etc.. Plus
agro waste as a source namely energy pollard, rice bran, tapioca, drops, onggok,
etc.. Ingredients protein sources such as copra meal, palm meal, expeller cotton
seed oil / cotton, coffee skins, leather chocolate and urea. Equipped with the
material source of minerals such as salt, zeolites,bone meal, mineral mix, etc..
RAW MATERIALS
Some understanding of the raw materials feed
1.
Sources of fiber are materials that has a crude fiber content (SK)
≥ 18%, for example, agricultural waste, leather grain legumes etc..
≥ 18%, for example, agricultural waste, leather grain legumes etc..
2.
Energy sources are materials that has a protein content of less than 20%
and crude fiber of less than 18% or cell wall is less than 35%, for example grains, nuts, fruits, tubers and the rest of the mill waste.
and crude fiber of less than 18% or cell wall is less than 35%, for example grains, nuts, fruits, tubers and the rest of the mill waste.
3.
Protein source is material has a crude
protein content ≥ 20% good material derived from tumbuhtumbuhan such as oil
cakes, rice bran and derived from animals such as fish silage.
4. Mineral resources are materials that contain
enough minerals high, such as salt, limestone meal, fish meal, leather snail
grit, grit shells and grit of fish skin.
5.
Sources of vitamins are substances that has
a relatively high content of vitamins, such as food and umbi - umbian grained.
6. Additional food are the ingredients certain
that added to the rations, such as drugs, anti biotika, hormones, water,
fragrances and substances.
In the manufacture of
complete feed calculated nutrient content of each constituent materials and the
level of need nutrients from livestock fed. The composition of nutrients for
cattle fattening will be different with the nursery. As reference in
formulating feedstuffs from agricultural waste and plantation and agro-industry
is the proportion of crude fiber and protein. Quality control is most actual
and reliable is the biological laboratory with livestock on farm test. While
the test material be physically and chemically and proximate analysis
laboratory.
Formulation
Nutritional composition of complete feed for purposes of fattening and breeding
different, especially in protein content rough and energy. To feed cattle, crude protein and energy content of more higher than for breeding. Nutrient composition is adjusted
needs of each animal and also price considerations. Feed prices for nurseries should be less expensive than the feed to fattening, because breeding longer time so that if the cost
pakannya expensive, it is less economical. Complete nutrient composition of feeds for fattening and breeding are listed in Table 4.
Nutritional composition of complete feed for purposes of fattening and breeding
different, especially in protein content rough and energy. To feed cattle, crude protein and energy content of more higher than for breeding. Nutrient composition is adjusted
needs of each animal and also price considerations. Feed prices for nurseries should be less expensive than the feed to fattening, because breeding longer time so that if the cost
pakannya expensive, it is less economical. Complete nutrient composition of feeds for fattening and breeding are listed in Table 4.
Table
1.
Examples of the types of feed raw materials from agricultural waste and plantation
and agro-industry wastes
|
Raw materials
|
group name
|
|
Agricultural waste
and
plantation
|
sugarcane shoots
skin soybean sugarcane leaves coffee leather Soybean straw Peanut skin skin soybean Peanut hay corn corncob brown leather klobot corn pineapple skin skin cassava rice straw |
|
agro-industry wastes
|
bagasse
dregs of ketchup onggok Wheat polard Tumpi corn Empok corn rice bran molasses cake pagoda Wheat flour rejects oil cake pulp copra meal Lees bakery Peanut meal dregs of beer |
Sources: proximate analysis laboratory Lolit Cattle feed, Grati, Pasuruan
Table 2. Nutritional
content of some feed
ingredients from agricultural
waste and plantation
|
Types
of materials
|
BK (%)
|
PK (%)
|
LK (%)
|
SK (%)
|
TDN (%)
|
|
Rice straw
|
31,867
|
5,211
|
1,166
|
26,779
|
51,496
|
|
Soybean hay
|
30,389
|
14,097
|
3,542
|
20,966
|
61,592
|
|
Peanut hay
|
29,084
|
11,314
|
3,319
|
16,616
|
64,504
|
|
Green bean
straw
|
21,934
|
15,319
|
3,593
|
26,899
|
55,522
|
|
Bean straw
|
28,395
|
6,941
|
3,334
|
33,491
|
55,280
|
|
Straw Komang
|
16,200
|
24,709
|
3,846
|
21,026
|
68,290
|
|
Peanut hay
Otok
|
15,516
|
16,058
|
3,925
|
38,080
|
48,313
|
|
Skin of
soybean hay
|
61,933
|
7,998
|
5,071
|
38,672
|
58,129
|
|
Fresh corn
straw
|
21,685
|
9,660
|
2,209
|
26,300
|
60,237
|
|
Skin soy
|
90,369
|
18,962
|
1,249
|
22,833
|
62,717
|
|
Leather coffee
|
91,771
|
11,177
|
2,496
|
21,736
|
57,201
|
|
Tans
|
89,369
|
14,993
|
6,257
|
23,244
|
55,521
|
|
Peanut skins
|
87,367
|
5,769
|
2,511
|
73,369
|
31,700
|
|
Skin kapok
(pagoda)
|
89,536
|
13,130
|
2,036
|
34,120
|
52,315
|
|
Klobot corn
|
42,561
|
3,400
|
2,548
|
23,318
|
66,406
|
|
Sugarcane
shoots
|
21,424
|
5,568
|
2,417
|
29,039
|
55,294
|
|
Corncob
|
76,608
|
5,616
|
1,576
|
25,547
|
53,075
|
Table 3. Nutritional
content of some feed
ingredients from agro waste
Type
of goods BK
(%) PK (%) LK (%) SK (%) TDN
(%)
Pulp 10,788 25,651 5,317 14,527 76,000
Soy
sauce lees 85,430
36,381 17,816 17,861 89,553
Beer dregs 31,174 26,448 10,254 7,059 78,708
Brem dregs 81,634 3,150 2,120
2,100 55,826
Liquid sugar dregs 34,314 5,106
6,237 8,014 54,956
Copra
meal 90,557 27,597 11,903
6,853 75,333
Cake pagoda 89,693
30,827 3,813 8,697 78,005
Palm cake 92,524
14,112 11,903 10,772 67,435
Peanut meal 91,447
36,397 17,24 20,895 71,721
Soybean
meal 89,413 52,075 1,011 25,528
40,265
Coconut
cake 84,767 26,632 10,399
14,711 73,403
Tengkuang cake 88,980 12,730 8,630 4,607
76,770
Rice bran 91,267 9,960
2,320 18,513 55,521
Wheat bran / pollar 89,567 16,412 4,007
5,862 74,828
Corn bran / empok 84,980 9,379 5,591
0,577 81,835
Soybean bs 85,430 38,380 4,840
17,810 69,950
Molasses (drops) 50,232
8,500 - - 63,000
Dry onggok 90,170 2,839 0,676
8,264 77,249
Tumpi soy 91,417 21,134 3,029 23,179 69,425
Tumpi corn 87,385 8,657 0,532 21,297 48,475
Cassava
flour
bs 87,024 2,412 0,792
8,950 73,489
Sources: Lolit Cattle feed, Sources: proximate analysis laboratory Grati, Pasuruan
Table 4. Nutritional
composition of complete feed for fattening and breeding
|
This
type of complete feed
|
This
type of complete feed (%)
|
material
dry (%) |
The
results of
proximate analysis (in%)
|
|||||
|
crude
protein
|
crude fat
|
crude
fiber
|
The
ash content
|
BETN
|
TDN
|
|||
|
Nursery
|
12
|
88
|
8,4
|
2,6
|
16,9
|
6,8
|
60,2
|
64,2
|
|
Feedlot
|
12
|
88
|
14,7
|
3,0
|
15,4
|
8,7
|
51,8
|
644
|
Sources: WAHYONO 2001
Processing
Mill
rollers and the last process Technology / how to manufacture animal feed can carried out
through processing with machines small scale that can be implemented
at the level of farmer groups. Procedure manufacture of animal feed use agricultural
waste materials and waste agro-industries are as follows:
a.
Fiber source materials cut into pieces with cutting tools (choper) with size
0.5-1cm, then dried by using a heating beam sun or heaters to water content of
10-12%.
b. The ingredients are mixed energy sources in the mixer / mixer together with a solution of molasses until evenly distributed.
b. The ingredients are mixed energy sources in the mixer / mixer together with a solution of molasses until evenly distributed.
c.
The whole of these materials further milled with a
milling (grinding)
or Hamer mill and added urea, salt, and bone meal to small particle size and evenly mixed or homogeneous. Once mixed, the materials is packaged in sacks been prepared in accordance with the size of the weight with the desired.
or Hamer mill and added urea, salt, and bone meal to small particle size and evenly mixed or homogeneous. Once mixed, the materials is packaged in sacks been prepared in accordance with the size of the weight with the desired.
Agricultural
waste treatment technologies and agro-industry waste
into feed complete is one attempt to increase
both the value of
such waste processing method
comprising:
1) Treatment of enumeration (chopping) for changing the particle size and soften
texture of materials in order to consume more livestock efficient.
1) Treatment of enumeration (chopping) for changing the particle size and soften
texture of materials in order to consume more livestock efficient.
2)
The treatment of drying (drying) with hot
sun or a dryer to lower the
moisture content
of materials.
3) The process of blending (mixing) with
using a mixing device
(mixer) and treatment
with tool grinding
Hammer packaging.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
Case
1:
Program of feed for
beef cattle territory of East Sumba, NTT
Province of East Sumba East is
estimated to have potential raw
material source of fiber reaches 1,136,565 tons
/ year, energy resources amounting to 2,555,430 tons
/ year, a source
of protein for 24
023 tons / year, and mineral
resources of 630 tons / year (Hardianto, 2004). source
material fiber, such as rice
straw, soybean straw, maize straw produced
in almost all districts, while the waste generally
produced by the local
agro-industry
Waingapu around town. The types of feed potential to be developed based on
availability of raw materials and market potential is concentrated, complete feed and the source fiber. Estimation of feed requirements based on ruminant livestock population is estimated to concentrate 10,850 tons / year, complete feed ± 88,560 tons / year and source of fiber ± 29 150 tons / year. To overcome the multiple nutritional deficiencies
feed, supplementation is still needed in the form the addition of high quality materials
to supplement the nutritional deficiencies of waste agriculture. Complete is one alternative that chosen to support the provision of feed throughout the year. Components of raw materials still need to be imported from outside the region between another source of protein, fats and vitamins. Long-term program to support
increased potential for local raw materials and guarantee the sustainability of food production processes, then the development effort required strategic crops such as cassava and maize widely in Sumba Regency East. Also necessary to gradually developed investment in agro-industries processing of cassava and maize for produce a flour product as a product main, and wastes are used for support the production of feed. some examples feed raw materials available in the region East Sumba derived from waste agriculture and agro-industry waste presented in Table 5.
Waingapu around town. The types of feed potential to be developed based on
availability of raw materials and market potential is concentrated, complete feed and the source fiber. Estimation of feed requirements based on ruminant livestock population is estimated to concentrate 10,850 tons / year, complete feed ± 88,560 tons / year and source of fiber ± 29 150 tons / year. To overcome the multiple nutritional deficiencies
feed, supplementation is still needed in the form the addition of high quality materials
to supplement the nutritional deficiencies of waste agriculture. Complete is one alternative that chosen to support the provision of feed throughout the year. Components of raw materials still need to be imported from outside the region between another source of protein, fats and vitamins. Long-term program to support
increased potential for local raw materials and guarantee the sustainability of food production processes, then the development effort required strategic crops such as cassava and maize widely in Sumba Regency East. Also necessary to gradually developed investment in agro-industries processing of cassava and maize for produce a flour product as a product main, and wastes are used for support the production of feed. some examples feed raw materials available in the region East Sumba derived from waste agriculture and agro-industry waste presented in Table 5.
In planning the production aspects, previously need to know
information about
the types of feed to be produced, such as concentrate, a source of fiber, or a complete feed combination. In addition, to find out adequate production capacity in a region, the potential market feed products as well need to know based on the needs of livestock that exist in the region. Estimated feed products based on market potential ruminant population in a region.
the types of feed to be produced, such as concentrate, a source of fiber, or a complete feed combination. In addition, to find out adequate production capacity in a region, the potential market feed products as well need to know based on the needs of livestock that exist in the region. Estimated feed products based on market potential ruminant population in a region.
Estimates of potential market feed products based on the
number of ruminant population in East Sumba region is estimated at 10,850
tonnes to concentrate, 88,560 tons for complete feed, and 29,150 tons for the
source replacement
of grass fiber each year (Table 6).
Of the potential needs of the feed in above which are
covered by the manufacturers of feed locally only in the form of rice bran estimated
amount of use about 5,000 tons / year, mainly used additional food for cattle,
horses and pigs, whereas feed complete feed, concentrate and a source of fiber
has not been produced in the area of East Sumba. Forage source of fiber can also
be used as raw material complete feed with feed manufacturing plus
concentrates, or for food resources replacement of grass at the time ranchers experiencing
difficulty or lack of grasses, especially in the dry season.
Cheaper
to support the
feeding program
development of beef cattle is Sumba East Sumba Ongole suggested
attention to the availability of local raw materials
existing and supplementing with raw materials from outside the area. In order to feed prices produced can be cheap but the quality according to the expected standards, then the strategy feed manufacturing is done by combines local raw materials with starter feed imported from East Java. Composition of local materials with starter feed ranged between 60% - 40% of local materials and starter feed. Composition it has considered the cost aspects raw materials, transport costs, the cost of processing as well as the feasibility and feed nutrients.
existing and supplementing with raw materials from outside the area. In order to feed prices produced can be cheap but the quality according to the expected standards, then the strategy feed manufacturing is done by combines local raw materials with starter feed imported from East Java. Composition of local materials with starter feed ranged between 60% - 40% of local materials and starter feed. Composition it has considered the cost aspects raw materials, transport costs, the cost of processing as well as the feasibility and feed nutrients.
Processing activities carried
out in the City
Waingapu by
investing equipment and machinery with a production capacity 20 tons/ha. Schematically
the feeding program cheap for East Sumba listed on Figure 1.
Table 5. Some raw materials are available in the area
of
East Sumba
|
material
group
|
Name of
raw
materials
|
|
Agricultural waste,
animal
husbandry and
fishery
Rice
straw
|
Peanut hay
cornstalk corn corncob Peanut skin feathers eggshell bone clamshell |
|
Agro-industry and
mining
waste
|
rice bran
lime |
Table 6. Estimation
of
feed
requirements based on livestock
population in the region of
East Sumba
|
Type of
livestock
|
Number of
population
(tail)
|
Feed requirements
per
year
(tons)
|
||
|
concentrate
|
complete feed
|
source of fiber
|
||
|
Beef cattle
|
38.087
|
7.600
|
40.100
|
17.200
|
|
Sheep/goat
|
28.234
|
-
|
2.820
|
-
|
|
Horse
|
24.892
|
-
|
35.840
|
11.950
|
|
Pigs
|
32.679
|
3.250
|
9.800
|
-
|
|
The number
|
|
10.850
|
88.560
|
29.150
|
·
Total consumption of concentrates to
cows stem ± 2 kg. / head / day with a duration of about 8 months (the elderly
and pregnant and lactating)
·
Total consumption of concentrates
for beef cattle ± 2 kg / head / day for 4 months duration of administration
(the feedlot)
·
Total consumption of fiber sources for beef
cattle 5 kg / head / day with a duration of administration for 3-5 months (dry
season)
·
Complete Total consumption of feed for sheep /
goat 1 kg / head / day with a duration of administration for 3 months (feedlot)
and 6 months (breeding)
·
Total consumption of complete feed for cattle
and horses 6-8 kg / head / day
·
Total consumption of complete feed
for pigs 3 kg / head / day
Sources: Hardianto (2004)
 |
|||
 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 1. CF feed production
scenarios for East
Sumba
Sources:
DIWYANTO
et al.
(2003)
Case
2:
Program
of
feed
for
beef
cattle
Java and Bali
Availability of
raw material feed
in the region
Java, East Java in particular is
quite complete, but the main priority of raw materials
selected is the availability abundant and cheap and has a complete nutrition. as an illustration
about the
types and prices of raw materials the feed
is located in East Java listed in Table 7.
Table 7. The
type and price range of a few feed
raw materials locally in the Java 2003 East
Name
of material price range(Rp
/ Kg)
Rice straw 50-75
Soybean straw 100-125
Peanut hay 100-125
Corn leaf 90-125
Sugarcane shoots 100-150
Corn corncob 50-75
Peanut skin 100-150
Skin soybean 125-150
Leather coffee 150-175
Skin cassava 75-100
Rice bran 450-600
Leaf lamtoro 200-250
dried cassava 400-500
Gamblong 300-350
Drops / molasses 450-500
Bagasse 125-150
Soy sauce lees 450-500
Tumpi corn 85-100
Eggshell 250-300
shells 400-500
Kapok cake 600-650
copra meal 750-800
Brown leather 200-225
Salt 750-850
Soybean straw 100-125
Peanut hay 100-125
Corn leaf 90-125
Sugarcane shoots 100-150
Corn corncob 50-75
Peanut skin 100-150
Skin soybean 125-150
Leather coffee 150-175
Skin cassava 75-100
Rice bran 450-600
Leaf lamtoro 200-250
dried cassava 400-500
Gamblong 300-350
Drops / molasses 450-500
Bagasse 125-150
Soy sauce lees 450-500
Tumpi corn 85-100
Eggshell 250-300
shells 400-500
Kapok cake 600-650
copra meal 750-800
Brown leather 200-225
Salt 750-850
Sources: Wahyono et al.
(2003)
Price mentioned above in the form of dry material
Price mentioned above in the form of dry material
Scenario production
of complete feed
feed
for the P. Java and Bali are listed in
Figure 2. Of scenarios can be
seen that the feed to be distributed on the Island Java and Bali sufficiently produced in East Java (Pasuruan), because the availability of raw materials, labor wage rates and material prices The
most appropriate standard for producing activities feed. In addition,
transport costs between
provinces in Java and Bali are still within the limits that
can be tolerated.
Plant
capacity to
serve the needs
of feed complete feed in Java and Bali designed around
50-100 tons / day. With model scenario in Figure 2, the range
complete feed feed prices in
Java West approximately Rp. 600/kg, Central Java, Rp. 550/kg, East Java, Rp. 400/kg and for Bali region Rp. 550/kg.
Case
3:
Program
the
feed
of
beef cattle
sugarcane waste based on the PG Jatitujuh
Feed
raw material
resources in
the vicinity PG.Jatitujuh has the potential for very large agribusiness
farms through development of sugarcane-livestock
integration systems and
feed industry by optimizing land, sugar cane waste and industrial by-product sugar. HGU land managed PG.Jatitujuh ± 12,000 hectares covering 11 villages surrounded by
in two districts namely District
Indramayu and Majalengka. PG.Jatitujuh has the potential to produce materials standard
to be processed into a complete feed
(complete feed) of sugarcane waste (shoots and leaves of sugar
cane), waste processing sugar (drops / molasses, pith) and bagasse. Thus, if this potential
optimized, the question of shortage feed can be overcome.
Development
of livestock,
sugar cane
feed industry in this integrative expected
to have a positive impact both to the
progress of agribusiness cattle, the region cane plantation and public economic eking
a living from the livestock sector around the area of the garden cane Jatitujuh PG. Development of sugarcane-livestock
integration system is
a concerted effort
across sub-sectors
a strategic and value one another advantageous because it will encourage realization
of the development of agribusiness farms and plantations are powerless competitiveness.
Agribusiness development vision
plantation in the future is to realize plantation system and an efficient, productive and highly competitive for overall prosperity of the people in equitable and sustainable world through management of local resources optimally. Some of the reasons why it needs to be developed pattern of integration of livestock in the cane-PG Jatitujuh
among others: a). plantation business monoculture / single product vulnerable to
various risks, b). to meet the needs of plant nutrients from artificial fertilizers increasingly expensive, so substitution with fertilizer organic would reduce costs and
improve soil fertility, c). draft animals can be used to transport the certain activities. At the micro scale, cane-livestock integration will provide reciprocal benefits and add
earnings for both companies and surrounding community, through the sale of livestock, crops and livestock waste, provide additional employment, as well as support the sustainability of crop farming sugarcane and cattle.
plantation in the future is to realize plantation system and an efficient, productive and highly competitive for overall prosperity of the people in equitable and sustainable world through management of local resources optimally. Some of the reasons why it needs to be developed pattern of integration of livestock in the cane-PG Jatitujuh
among others: a). plantation business monoculture / single product vulnerable to
various risks, b). to meet the needs of plant nutrients from artificial fertilizers increasingly expensive, so substitution with fertilizer organic would reduce costs and
improve soil fertility, c). draft animals can be used to transport the certain activities. At the micro scale, cane-livestock integration will provide reciprocal benefits and add
earnings for both companies and surrounding community, through the sale of livestock, crops and livestock waste, provide additional employment, as well as support the sustainability of crop farming sugarcane and cattle.
In the development of systems integration livestock in the
cane-PG Jatitujuh, equipped with its feed
industry
through waste treatment sugarcane and sugar industry by product. Independence
in the procurement
feed
deemed essential
to support the process
changes in the way of the pattern of farming community herded into cages. Potential biomass as a source of fiber and waste byproduct of sugar industry in the region PG Jatitujuh listed in Figure 3.
Conducted in an integrated development and gradually with the participation communities in targeted areas. activities initiated with the
procurement of cutting tools (chopper) to process the leaves
of sugarcane as a source fiber. Cutting tools operated by group of farmers who had cultivated during
the in 7 villages (Desa sources,
Swamp Bolang, Pilangsari, Babajurang,
Jatiraga, Sukamulya, and pan) with a credit
system. Feed starter / concentrates
produced by PG.Jatitujuh
as a compound leaf of sugarcane for supplements. Comparison of composition between starter feed sugar cane leaves with adjustable
with the standard requirements
of livestock. To breeding objective comparison
of the source of fiber (sugar cane leaves): starter feed between 8:2; while for fattening source of fiber: starter feed between 6: 4.
Material
composition:
|
 |
|||||
 |
|||||
 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
||||||
|
||||||
Figure 2. CF feed production
scenarios for the
island of Java and Bali
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Figure 3. The
potential of biomass and
waste in the sugar
industry Jatitujuh PG
Sources: DJOENTORO et al. (2004)
Sources: DJOENTORO et al. (2004)
Target group of
farmers who
already
have the tools to take advantage of chopper
dry sugar
cane leaves in the garden PG
Jatitujuh appropriate advice and technical guidance
of officers PG.Jatitujuh.
The sugar
cane leaves cut into pieces and packed in sacks to be stored, then can mixed with the starter when farmers feed will give to the animals according to
the formula above. The number of leaves of
sugarcane and starter feed adjusted by the number of processed
livestock and feed requirements for each group.
CONCLUSION
1. Technology development of feed for
support agribusiness in beef cattle patterns of crop-livestock integration
should considering the condition of AEZ and availability of local feed
resources local. Choice of technological innovation should be able to integrate
the various potentials, opportunities and interests of each region so as to
improve competitiveness, sustainable and able to respond market dynamics.
2. Complete feed Technology (complete
feed) that utilize local raw materials specific locations as an alternative to
"feeding strategy "has been ready to apply extensively in various
conditions of AEZ and area.
3. Some of the benefits of the
development of feed based on local raw materials such as pricing cheaper with
quality standards, easily in the collection of raw materials and product
distribution, value-added of food processing activities obtained farmers
directly, and can embryo growing business agroinput on small and medium scale
enterprises in areas of beef cattle production centers.
REFERENCES
FARM SERVICE DISTRICT EAST SUMBA. 2003. Study reports the utilization of waste agriculture and agro-industry waste as animal feed raw materials in complete feed
East Sumba. Cooperation Office East Sumba farms with PT Prima Feed Pasuruan.
DJOENTORO, SRIRANTO, R. Hardianto
and D.E. Wahyono. 2004. development integration sugarcane, cattle-feed industry
in the system sugar production with zero waste in the pattern of PG Jatitujuh.
Workshop on development of the area livestock industry with systems integration
cane-livestock in order to increase power competitiveness of farm products.
Cooperation Directorate General of Livestock Production with PT PG Rajawali II
Cirebon.
DIWYANTO K., Didiek E. Wahyono and
Ruly Hardianto. 2003. program development
local agribusiness and beef cattle feed cheap to improve market competitiveness (Study
Sumba Ongole cow case in the island of Sumba). Papers Rapim AARD. Research and Development Center Animal Husbandry, Bogor.
local agribusiness and beef cattle feed cheap to improve market competitiveness (Study
Sumba Ongole cow case in the island of Sumba). Papers Rapim AARD. Research and Development Center Animal Husbandry, Bogor.
Hardianto, R. 2004. Development
Potential Study Feed Industry From Local Raw Materials in East Sumba. papers
in National Seminar on Innovation and
Technology Institutional Sustainability. Assessment Center Agricultural
Technology in East Java, Malang.
Hardianto, R. 2004. System
Development Cane-Livestock Integration-Integrated Feed Industry Through the
Partnership Program and Community Development PG Jatitujuh environment in
Cirebon. Papers in the National Seminar on Technological Innovation and
Institutional Sustainability. Hall East Java Agricultural Technology, Malang.
Wahyono, D.E., R. Hardianto, C. Anam, D.B. Wijono, T. Purwanto and M. MALIK. 2003. This strategy of using agricultural wastes and agro-industry for the manufacture of complete feed ruminants. National Seminar Papers Beef Cattle Development, Lembang, Java West. Research and Development Center Livestock, AARD, Bogor.
Wahyono, D.E. 2001. technology assessment complete feed the sheep. Pros. Result Farming Systems Research and Assessment at East Java. Center of Technology Assessment Karangploso Agriculture, Malang.
DISCUSSION
question:
Does the business conducted by cattle breeders with a tail number of maintenance
still profitable? Should not be a group effort?
answer:
Still
profitable, provided that the cost of cheap cattle feed. This can be done by
feed created in groups, so cheap.
feed created in groups, so cheap.
DIDIEK EKO WAHYONO1 dan RULY
HARDIANTO2
1Loka Penelitian Sapi Potong,
Grati, Pasuruan 67184
2Balai Pengkajian Teknologi
Pertanian Jawa Timur
ABSTRACT
Development of beef cattle in the future
should be carried out through sustainable agribusiness approach. Beef cattle
farming system should be modern and more professionally managed through
application of technology innovation focusing on the aspect of business
efficiency. It should also be supported by development of feed industry through
optimal utilization of local specific feed material and integrated crops
livestock
system orientation. There is a huge potential of local feed material obtained
from agricultural and plantation waste, but still low in its utilization for
feed. However, agro-industrial by products has been commonly used for feed by
livestock raisers except those of various cake types. Complete feed technology
is one of technologies to utilize the agro-industrial waste for ruminants feed
through certain physical and processing technique and supplementation. The
process includes cutting the material into small pieces, drying,
milling/crushing, mixing the fibers and the liquid or solid concentrate, and
packing. Utilization of agricultural and plantation waste available locally in
combination with agro-industrial waste seems to be a promising effort in
development of economical feed industry.
Key words: Local
material, by product, complete feed, beef cattle
INTRODUCTION
Still fragile in the feed industry Indonesia,
one of which caused still high dependence on raw materials imports. This
shortcoming needs to be addressed through self-sufficiency efforts sapronak
main feed. The devastation caused by agribusiness poultry feeding problems during
the monetary crisis should not let it happen again and overwrite the industry ruminants.
The key lies in aspects of feed raw materials, so that the solution is through
the efforts and efforts to improve food self-sufficiency quality of feed raw
materials sourced fromlocal.
Development of beef cattle need to
be serious concern given the demand for meatcan not be met in the country.
Wrong An obstacle often encountered is low productivity of livestock because of
the quality Low feed. On the other hand, the potential for material local raw
feed such as agricultural waste and plantation has not been used optimal, and
are mostly used as fuel, organic fertilizer and raw materials industry. Efforts
can be made to optimize the utilization of waste agriculture and plantations
for animal feed can be achieved by improving the quality and plantation
agricultural waste through fermentation technology, supplementation and manufacture
of complete feed (complete feed).
Types
of agricultural waste and
plantation potential is seen from the quality
Cereal crop straw.
While the views of
production of rice straw, leaves and shoots
of sugar cane ranks first.
Low quality of rice
straw, leaves and shoots of
sugar cane caused by selolusa and lignin content high,
whereas the nutrient content, mineral
essential vitamins and low. physical
treatment can be done to improve the quality and
plantation agricultural waste in a way expand the surface of feed and soften
material texture. treatment includes cutting
(choping), destruction, milling (grinding) and
the manufacture of pellets.
Biological treatment is one of the efforts lighten
the work of rumen microbes.
On This treatment
of fiber materials have activity ensimatis by
rumen microbes outside.
Type microbes that can be used for hay among other fungi
and yeasts.
Diversified
utilization of byproducts (by-product) is often regarded as waste (waste) from the activities
of agro-industry and biomass
derived from agricultural
waste and plantations to feed has led agribusiness development ruminants in integrated in a production system integrated with farming and
plantation through biomass recycling-friendly environment or the well
known "zero waste production
system ".
Upstream
sub-sector agribusiness development such as the feed industry is one supporting
the development of
beef cattle that will directly help
solve the problems of the farmers in terms of sapronak. Reality on the ground shows there are still many farmers who without
improvised feed attention
to quality requirements, quantity
and efficiency of
administration. Consequently, productivity
of livestock is not optimal,
even many of the
farmers who suffered losses due to inadequate feeding.
Besides the
large influence on
the productivity of livestock, feed
also is a considerable
production cost in
the cattle business. Thus, not only required to produce feed feasibility
of the aspects of the quality and adequacy nutrition, but also
how to produce the feed is economical, cheap
and affordable by
the ability of the breeder.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Complete
feed made from materials and plantation agricultural waste as sources of
fiber such as peanut skins, soybean straw, corn cobs, sugar cane tops, etc.. Plus
agro waste as a source namely energy pollard, rice bran, tapioca, drops, onggok,
etc.. Ingredients protein sources such as copra meal, palm meal, expeller cotton
seed oil / cotton, coffee skins, leather chocolate and urea. Equipped with the
material source of minerals such as salt, zeolites,bone meal, mineral mix, etc..
RAW MATERIALS
Some understanding of the raw materials feed
1.
Sources of fiber are materials that has a crude fiber content (SK)
≥ 18%, for example, agricultural waste, leather grain legumes etc..
≥ 18%, for example, agricultural waste, leather grain legumes etc..
2.
Energy sources are materials that has a protein content of less than 20%
and crude fiber of less than 18% or cell wall is less than 35%, for example grains, nuts, fruits, tubers and the rest of the mill waste.
and crude fiber of less than 18% or cell wall is less than 35%, for example grains, nuts, fruits, tubers and the rest of the mill waste.
3.
Protein source is material has a crude
protein content ≥ 20% good material derived from tumbuhtumbuhan such as oil
cakes, rice bran and derived from animals such as fish silage.
4. Mineral resources are materials that contain
enough minerals high, such as salt, limestone meal, fish meal, leather snail
grit, grit shells and grit of fish skin.
5.
Sources of vitamins are substances that has
a relatively high content of vitamins, such as food and umbi - umbian grained.
6. Additional food are the ingredients certain
that added to the rations, such as drugs, anti biotika, hormones, water,
fragrances and substances.
In the manufacture of
complete feed calculated nutrient content of each constituent materials and the
level of need nutrients from livestock fed. The composition of nutrients for
cattle fattening will be different with the nursery. As reference in
formulating feedstuffs from agricultural waste and plantation and agro-industry
is the proportion of crude fiber and protein. Quality control is most actual
and reliable is the biological laboratory with livestock on farm test. While
the test material be physically and chemically and proximate analysis
laboratory.
Formulation
Nutritional composition of complete feed for purposes of fattening and breeding
different, especially in protein content rough and energy. To feed cattle, crude protein and energy content of more higher than for breeding. Nutrient composition is adjusted
needs of each animal and also price considerations. Feed prices for nurseries should be less expensive than the feed to fattening, because breeding longer time so that if the cost
pakannya expensive, it is less economical. Complete nutrient composition of feeds for fattening and breeding are listed in Table 4.
Nutritional composition of complete feed for purposes of fattening and breeding
different, especially in protein content rough and energy. To feed cattle, crude protein and energy content of more higher than for breeding. Nutrient composition is adjusted
needs of each animal and also price considerations. Feed prices for nurseries should be less expensive than the feed to fattening, because breeding longer time so that if the cost
pakannya expensive, it is less economical. Complete nutrient composition of feeds for fattening and breeding are listed in Table 4.
Table
1.
Examples of the types of feed raw materials from agricultural waste and plantation
and agro-industry wastes
|
Raw materials
|
group name
|
|
Agricultural waste
and
plantation
|
sugarcane shoots
skin soybean sugarcane leaves coffee leather Soybean straw Peanut skin skin soybean Peanut hay corn corncob brown leather klobot corn pineapple skin skin cassava rice straw |
|
agro-industry wastes
|
bagasse
dregs of ketchup onggok Wheat polard Tumpi corn Empok corn rice bran molasses cake pagoda Wheat flour rejects oil cake pulp copra meal Lees bakery Peanut meal dregs of beer |
Sources: proximate analysis laboratory Lolit Cattle feed, Grati, Pasuruan
Table 2. Nutritional
content of some feed
ingredients from agricultural
waste and plantation
|
Types
of materials
|
BK (%)
|
PK (%)
|
LK (%)
|
SK (%)
|
TDN (%)
|
|
Rice straw
|
31,867
|
5,211
|
1,166
|
26,779
|
51,496
|
|
Soybean hay
|
30,389
|
14,097
|
3,542
|
20,966
|
61,592
|
|
Peanut hay
|
29,084
|
11,314
|
3,319
|
16,616
|
64,504
|
|
Green bean
straw
|
21,934
|
15,319
|
3,593
|
26,899
|
55,522
|
|
Bean straw
|
28,395
|
6,941
|
3,334
|
33,491
|
55,280
|
|
Straw Komang
|
16,200
|
24,709
|
3,846
|
21,026
|
68,290
|
|
Peanut hay
Otok
|
15,516
|
16,058
|
3,925
|
38,080
|
48,313
|
|
Skin of
soybean hay
|
61,933
|
7,998
|
5,071
|
38,672
|
58,129
|
|
Fresh corn
straw
|
21,685
|
9,660
|
2,209
|
26,300
|
60,237
|
|
Skin soy
|
90,369
|
18,962
|
1,249
|
22,833
|
62,717
|
|
Leather coffee
|
91,771
|
11,177
|
2,496
|
21,736
|
57,201
|
|
Tans
|
89,369
|
14,993
|
6,257
|
23,244
|
55,521
|
|
Peanut skins
|
87,367
|
5,769
|
2,511
|
73,369
|
31,700
|
|
Skin kapok
(pagoda)
|
89,536
|
13,130
|
2,036
|
34,120
|
52,315
|
|
Klobot corn
|
42,561
|
3,400
|
2,548
|
23,318
|
66,406
|
|
Sugarcane
shoots
|
21,424
|
5,568
|
2,417
|
29,039
|
55,294
|
|
Corncob
|
76,608
|
5,616
|
1,576
|
25,547
|
53,075
|
Table 3. Nutritional
content of some feed
ingredients from agro waste
Type
of goods BK
(%) PK (%) LK (%) SK (%) TDN
(%)
Pulp 10,788 25,651 5,317 14,527 76,000
Soy
sauce lees 85,430
36,381 17,816 17,861 89,553
Beer dregs 31,174 26,448 10,254 7,059 78,708
Brem dregs 81,634 3,150 2,120
2,100 55,826
Liquid sugar dregs 34,314 5,106
6,237 8,014 54,956
Copra
meal 90,557 27,597 11,903
6,853 75,333
Cake pagoda 89,693
30,827 3,813 8,697 78,005
Palm cake 92,524
14,112 11,903 10,772 67,435
Peanut meal 91,447
36,397 17,24 20,895 71,721
Soybean
meal 89,413 52,075 1,011 25,528
40,265
Coconut
cake 84,767 26,632 10,399
14,711 73,403
Tengkuang cake 88,980 12,730 8,630 4,607
76,770
Rice bran 91,267 9,960
2,320 18,513 55,521
Wheat bran / pollar 89,567 16,412 4,007
5,862 74,828
Corn bran / empok 84,980 9,379 5,591
0,577 81,835
Soybean bs 85,430 38,380 4,840
17,810 69,950
Molasses (drops) 50,232
8,500 - - 63,000
Dry onggok 90,170 2,839 0,676
8,264 77,249
Tumpi soy 91,417 21,134 3,029 23,179 69,425
Tumpi corn 87,385 8,657 0,532 21,297 48,475
Cassava
flour
bs 87,024 2,412 0,792
8,950 73,489
Sources: Lolit Cattle feed, Sources: proximate analysis laboratory Grati, Pasuruan
Table 4. Nutritional
composition of complete feed for fattening and breeding
|
This
type of complete feed
|
This
type of complete feed (%)
|
material
dry (%) |
The
results of
proximate analysis (in%)
|
|||||
|
crude
protein
|
crude fat
|
crude
fiber
|
The
ash content
|
BETN
|
TDN
|
|||
|
Nursery
|
12
|
88
|
8,4
|
2,6
|
16,9
|
6,8
|
60,2
|
64,2
|
|
Feedlot
|
12
|
88
|
14,7
|
3,0
|
15,4
|
8,7
|
51,8
|
644
|
Sources: WAHYONO 2001
Processing
Mill
rollers and the last process Technology / how to manufacture animal feed can carried out
through processing with machines small scale that can be implemented
at the level of farmer groups. Procedure manufacture of animal feed use agricultural
waste materials and waste agro-industries are as follows:
a.
Fiber source materials cut into pieces with cutting tools (choper) with size
0.5-1cm, then dried by using a heating beam sun or heaters to water content of
10-12%.
b. The ingredients are mixed energy sources in the mixer / mixer together with a solution of molasses until evenly distributed.
b. The ingredients are mixed energy sources in the mixer / mixer together with a solution of molasses until evenly distributed.
c.
The whole of these materials further milled with a
milling (grinding)
or Hamer mill and added urea, salt, and bone meal to small particle size and evenly mixed or homogeneous. Once mixed, the materials is packaged in sacks been prepared in accordance with the size of the weight with the desired.
or Hamer mill and added urea, salt, and bone meal to small particle size and evenly mixed or homogeneous. Once mixed, the materials is packaged in sacks been prepared in accordance with the size of the weight with the desired.
Agricultural
waste treatment technologies and agro-industry waste
into feed complete is one attempt to increase
both the value of
such waste processing method
comprising:
1) Treatment of enumeration (chopping) for changing the particle size and soften
texture of materials in order to consume more livestock efficient.
1) Treatment of enumeration (chopping) for changing the particle size and soften
texture of materials in order to consume more livestock efficient.
2)
The treatment of drying (drying) with hot
sun or a dryer to lower the
moisture content
of materials.
3) The process of blending (mixing) with
using a mixing device
(mixer) and treatment
with tool grinding
Hammer packaging.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
Case
1:
Program of feed for
beef cattle territory of East Sumba, NTT
Province of East Sumba East is
estimated to have potential raw
material source of fiber reaches 1,136,565 tons
/ year, energy resources amounting to 2,555,430 tons
/ year, a source
of protein for 24
023 tons / year, and mineral
resources of 630 tons / year (Hardianto, 2004). source
material fiber, such as rice
straw, soybean straw, maize straw produced
in almost all districts, while the waste generally
produced by the local
agro-industry
Waingapu around town. The types of feed potential to be developed based on
availability of raw materials and market potential is concentrated, complete feed and the source fiber. Estimation of feed requirements based on ruminant livestock population is estimated to concentrate 10,850 tons / year, complete feed ± 88,560 tons / year and source of fiber ± 29 150 tons / year. To overcome the multiple nutritional deficiencies
feed, supplementation is still needed in the form the addition of high quality materials
to supplement the nutritional deficiencies of waste agriculture. Complete is one alternative that chosen to support the provision of feed throughout the year. Components of raw materials still need to be imported from outside the region between another source of protein, fats and vitamins. Long-term program to support
increased potential for local raw materials and guarantee the sustainability of food production processes, then the development effort required strategic crops such as cassava and maize widely in Sumba Regency East. Also necessary to gradually developed investment in agro-industries processing of cassava and maize for produce a flour product as a product main, and wastes are used for support the production of feed. some examples feed raw materials available in the region East Sumba derived from waste agriculture and agro-industry waste presented in Table 5.
Waingapu around town. The types of feed potential to be developed based on
availability of raw materials and market potential is concentrated, complete feed and the source fiber. Estimation of feed requirements based on ruminant livestock population is estimated to concentrate 10,850 tons / year, complete feed ± 88,560 tons / year and source of fiber ± 29 150 tons / year. To overcome the multiple nutritional deficiencies
feed, supplementation is still needed in the form the addition of high quality materials
to supplement the nutritional deficiencies of waste agriculture. Complete is one alternative that chosen to support the provision of feed throughout the year. Components of raw materials still need to be imported from outside the region between another source of protein, fats and vitamins. Long-term program to support
increased potential for local raw materials and guarantee the sustainability of food production processes, then the development effort required strategic crops such as cassava and maize widely in Sumba Regency East. Also necessary to gradually developed investment in agro-industries processing of cassava and maize for produce a flour product as a product main, and wastes are used for support the production of feed. some examples feed raw materials available in the region East Sumba derived from waste agriculture and agro-industry waste presented in Table 5.
In planning the production aspects, previously need to know
information about
the types of feed to be produced, such as concentrate, a source of fiber, or a complete feed combination. In addition, to find out adequate production capacity in a region, the potential market feed products as well need to know based on the needs of livestock that exist in the region. Estimated feed products based on market potential ruminant population in a region.
the types of feed to be produced, such as concentrate, a source of fiber, or a complete feed combination. In addition, to find out adequate production capacity in a region, the potential market feed products as well need to know based on the needs of livestock that exist in the region. Estimated feed products based on market potential ruminant population in a region.
Estimates of potential market feed products based on the
number of ruminant population in East Sumba region is estimated at 10,850
tonnes to concentrate, 88,560 tons for complete feed, and 29,150 tons for the
source replacement
of grass fiber each year (Table 6).
Of the potential needs of the feed in above which are
covered by the manufacturers of feed locally only in the form of rice bran estimated
amount of use about 5,000 tons / year, mainly used additional food for cattle,
horses and pigs, whereas feed complete feed, concentrate and a source of fiber
has not been produced in the area of East Sumba. Forage source of fiber can also
be used as raw material complete feed with feed manufacturing plus
concentrates, or for food resources replacement of grass at the time ranchers experiencing
difficulty or lack of grasses, especially in the dry season.
Cheaper
to support the
feeding program
development of beef cattle is Sumba East Sumba Ongole suggested
attention to the availability of local raw materials
existing and supplementing with raw materials from outside the area. In order to feed prices produced can be cheap but the quality according to the expected standards, then the strategy feed manufacturing is done by combines local raw materials with starter feed imported from East Java. Composition of local materials with starter feed ranged between 60% - 40% of local materials and starter feed. Composition it has considered the cost aspects raw materials, transport costs, the cost of processing as well as the feasibility and feed nutrients.
existing and supplementing with raw materials from outside the area. In order to feed prices produced can be cheap but the quality according to the expected standards, then the strategy feed manufacturing is done by combines local raw materials with starter feed imported from East Java. Composition of local materials with starter feed ranged between 60% - 40% of local materials and starter feed. Composition it has considered the cost aspects raw materials, transport costs, the cost of processing as well as the feasibility and feed nutrients.
Processing activities carried
out in the City
Waingapu by
investing equipment and machinery with a production capacity 20 tons/ha. Schematically
the feeding program cheap for East Sumba listed on Figure 1.
Table 5. Some raw materials are available in the area
of
East Sumba
|
material
group
|
Name of
raw
materials
|
|
Agricultural waste,
animal
husbandry and
fishery
Rice
straw
|
Peanut hay
cornstalk corn corncob Peanut skin feathers eggshell bone clamshell |
|
Agro-industry and
mining
waste
|
rice bran
lime |
Table 6. Estimation
of
feed
requirements based on livestock
population in the region of
East Sumba
|
Type of
livestock
|
Number of
population
(tail)
|
Feed requirements
per
year
(tons)
|
||
|
concentrate
|
complete feed
|
source of fiber
|
||
|
Beef cattle
|
38.087
|
7.600
|
40.100
|
17.200
|
|
Sheep/goat
|
28.234
|
-
|
2.820
|
-
|
|
Horse
|
24.892
|
-
|
35.840
|
11.950
|
|
Pigs
|
32.679
|
3.250
|
9.800
|
-
|
|
The number
|
|
10.850
|
88.560
|
29.150
|
·
Total consumption of concentrates to
cows stem ± 2 kg. / head / day with a duration of about 8 months (the elderly
and pregnant and lactating)
·
Total consumption of concentrates
for beef cattle ± 2 kg / head / day for 4 months duration of administration
(the feedlot)
·
Total consumption of fiber sources for beef
cattle 5 kg / head / day with a duration of administration for 3-5 months (dry
season)
·
Complete Total consumption of feed for sheep /
goat 1 kg / head / day with a duration of administration for 3 months (feedlot)
and 6 months (breeding)
·
Total consumption of complete feed for cattle
and horses 6-8 kg / head / day
·
Total consumption of complete feed
for pigs 3 kg / head / day
Sources: Hardianto (2004)
|
|||
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 1. CF feed production
scenarios for East
Sumba
Sources:
DIWYANTO
et al.
(2003)
Case
2:
Program
of
feed
for
beef
cattle
Java and Bali
Availability of
raw material feed
in the region
Java, East Java in particular is
quite complete, but the main priority of raw materials
selected is the availability abundant and cheap and has a complete nutrition. as an illustration
about the
types and prices of raw materials the feed
is located in East Java listed in Table 7.
Table 7. The
type and price range of a few feed
raw materials locally in the Java 2003 East
Name
of material price range(Rp
/ Kg)
Rice straw 50-75
Soybean straw 100-125
Peanut hay 100-125
Corn leaf 90-125
Sugarcane shoots 100-150
Corn corncob 50-75
Peanut skin 100-150
Skin soybean 125-150
Leather coffee 150-175
Skin cassava 75-100
Rice bran 450-600
Leaf lamtoro 200-250
dried cassava 400-500
Gamblong 300-350
Drops / molasses 450-500
Bagasse 125-150
Soy sauce lees 450-500
Tumpi corn 85-100
Eggshell 250-300
shells 400-500
Kapok cake 600-650
copra meal 750-800
Brown leather 200-225
Salt 750-850
Soybean straw 100-125
Peanut hay 100-125
Corn leaf 90-125
Sugarcane shoots 100-150
Corn corncob 50-75
Peanut skin 100-150
Skin soybean 125-150
Leather coffee 150-175
Skin cassava 75-100
Rice bran 450-600
Leaf lamtoro 200-250
dried cassava 400-500
Gamblong 300-350
Drops / molasses 450-500
Bagasse 125-150
Soy sauce lees 450-500
Tumpi corn 85-100
Eggshell 250-300
shells 400-500
Kapok cake 600-650
copra meal 750-800
Brown leather 200-225
Salt 750-850
Sources: Wahyono et al.
(2003)
Price mentioned above in the form of dry material
Price mentioned above in the form of dry material
Scenario production
of complete feed
feed
for the P. Java and Bali are listed in
Figure 2. Of scenarios can be
seen that the feed to be distributed on the Island Java and Bali sufficiently produced in East Java (Pasuruan), because the availability of raw materials, labor wage rates and material prices The
most appropriate standard for producing activities feed. In addition,
transport costs between
provinces in Java and Bali are still within the limits that
can be tolerated.
Plant
capacity to
serve the needs
of feed complete feed in Java and Bali designed around
50-100 tons / day. With model scenario in Figure 2, the range
complete feed feed prices in
Java West approximately Rp. 600/kg, Central Java, Rp. 550/kg, East Java, Rp. 400/kg and for Bali region Rp. 550/kg.
Case
3:
Program
the
feed
of
beef cattle
sugarcane waste based on the PG Jatitujuh
Feed
raw material
resources in
the vicinity PG.Jatitujuh has the potential for very large agribusiness
farms through development of sugarcane-livestock
integration systems and
feed industry by optimizing land, sugar cane waste and industrial by-product sugar. HGU land managed PG.Jatitujuh ± 12,000 hectares covering 11 villages surrounded by
in two districts namely District
Indramayu and Majalengka. PG.Jatitujuh has the potential to produce materials standard
to be processed into a complete feed
(complete feed) of sugarcane waste (shoots and leaves of sugar
cane), waste processing sugar (drops / molasses, pith) and bagasse. Thus, if this potential
optimized, the question of shortage feed can be overcome.
Development
of livestock,
sugar cane
feed industry in this integrative expected
to have a positive impact both to the
progress of agribusiness cattle, the region cane plantation and public economic eking
a living from the livestock sector around the area of the garden cane Jatitujuh PG. Development of sugarcane-livestock
integration system is
a concerted effort
across sub-sectors
a strategic and value one another advantageous because it will encourage realization
of the development of agribusiness farms and plantations are powerless competitiveness.
Agribusiness development vision
plantation in the future is to realize plantation system and an efficient, productive and highly competitive for overall prosperity of the people in equitable and sustainable world through management of local resources optimally. Some of the reasons why it needs to be developed pattern of integration of livestock in the cane-PG Jatitujuh
among others: a). plantation business monoculture / single product vulnerable to
various risks, b). to meet the needs of plant nutrients from artificial fertilizers increasingly expensive, so substitution with fertilizer organic would reduce costs and
improve soil fertility, c). draft animals can be used to transport the certain activities. At the micro scale, cane-livestock integration will provide reciprocal benefits and add
earnings for both companies and surrounding community, through the sale of livestock, crops and livestock waste, provide additional employment, as well as support the sustainability of crop farming sugarcane and cattle.
plantation in the future is to realize plantation system and an efficient, productive and highly competitive for overall prosperity of the people in equitable and sustainable world through management of local resources optimally. Some of the reasons why it needs to be developed pattern of integration of livestock in the cane-PG Jatitujuh
among others: a). plantation business monoculture / single product vulnerable to
various risks, b). to meet the needs of plant nutrients from artificial fertilizers increasingly expensive, so substitution with fertilizer organic would reduce costs and
improve soil fertility, c). draft animals can be used to transport the certain activities. At the micro scale, cane-livestock integration will provide reciprocal benefits and add
earnings for both companies and surrounding community, through the sale of livestock, crops and livestock waste, provide additional employment, as well as support the sustainability of crop farming sugarcane and cattle.
In the development of systems integration livestock in the
cane-PG Jatitujuh, equipped with its feed
industry
through waste treatment sugarcane and sugar industry by product. Independence
in the procurement
feed
deemed essential
to support the process
changes in the way of the pattern of farming community herded into cages. Potential biomass as a source of fiber and waste byproduct of sugar industry in the region PG Jatitujuh listed in Figure 3.
Conducted in an integrated development and gradually with the participation communities in targeted areas. activities initiated with the
procurement of cutting tools (chopper) to process the leaves
of sugarcane as a source fiber. Cutting tools operated by group of farmers who had cultivated during
the in 7 villages (Desa sources,
Swamp Bolang, Pilangsari, Babajurang,
Jatiraga, Sukamulya, and pan) with a credit
system. Feed starter / concentrates
produced by PG.Jatitujuh
as a compound leaf of sugarcane for supplements. Comparison of composition between starter feed sugar cane leaves with adjustable
with the standard requirements
of livestock. To breeding objective comparison
of the source of fiber (sugar cane leaves): starter feed between 8:2; while for fattening source of fiber: starter feed between 6: 4.
Material
composition:
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Figure 2. CF feed production
scenarios for the
island of Java and Bali
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Figure 3. The
potential of biomass and
waste in the sugar
industry Jatitujuh PG
Sources: DJOENTORO et al. (2004)
Sources: DJOENTORO et al. (2004)
Target group of
farmers who
already
have the tools to take advantage of chopper
dry sugar
cane leaves in the garden PG
Jatitujuh appropriate advice and technical guidance
of officers PG.Jatitujuh.
The sugar
cane leaves cut into pieces and packed in sacks to be stored, then can mixed with the starter when farmers feed will give to the animals according to
the formula above. The number of leaves of
sugarcane and starter feed adjusted by the number of processed
livestock and feed requirements for each group.
CONCLUSION
1. Technology development of feed for
support agribusiness in beef cattle patterns of crop-livestock integration
should considering the condition of AEZ and availability of local feed
resources local. Choice of technological innovation should be able to integrate
the various potentials, opportunities and interests of each region so as to
improve competitiveness, sustainable and able to respond market dynamics.
2. Complete feed Technology (complete
feed) that utilize local raw materials specific locations as an alternative to
"feeding strategy "has been ready to apply extensively in various
conditions of AEZ and area.
3. Some of the benefits of the
development of feed based on local raw materials such as pricing cheaper with
quality standards, easily in the collection of raw materials and product
distribution, value-added of food processing activities obtained farmers
directly, and can embryo growing business agroinput on small and medium scale
enterprises in areas of beef cattle production centers.
REFERENCES
FARM SERVICE DISTRICT EAST SUMBA. 2003. Study reports the utilization of waste agriculture and agro-industry waste as animal feed raw materials in complete feed
East Sumba. Cooperation Office East Sumba farms with PT Prima Feed Pasuruan.
DJOENTORO, SRIRANTO, R. Hardianto
and D.E. Wahyono. 2004. development integration sugarcane, cattle-feed industry
in the system sugar production with zero waste in the pattern of PG Jatitujuh.
Workshop on development of the area livestock industry with systems integration
cane-livestock in order to increase power competitiveness of farm products.
Cooperation Directorate General of Livestock Production with PT PG Rajawali II
Cirebon.
DIWYANTO K., Didiek E. Wahyono and
Ruly Hardianto. 2003. program development
local agribusiness and beef cattle feed cheap to improve market competitiveness (Study
Sumba Ongole cow case in the island of Sumba). Papers Rapim AARD. Research and Development Center Animal Husbandry, Bogor.
local agribusiness and beef cattle feed cheap to improve market competitiveness (Study
Sumba Ongole cow case in the island of Sumba). Papers Rapim AARD. Research and Development Center Animal Husbandry, Bogor.
Hardianto, R. 2004. Development
Potential Study Feed Industry From Local Raw Materials in East Sumba. papers
in National Seminar on Innovation and
Technology Institutional Sustainability. Assessment Center Agricultural
Technology in East Java, Malang.
Hardianto, R. 2004. System
Development Cane-Livestock Integration-Integrated Feed Industry Through the
Partnership Program and Community Development PG Jatitujuh environment in
Cirebon. Papers in the National Seminar on Technological Innovation and
Institutional Sustainability. Hall East Java Agricultural Technology, Malang.
Wahyono, D.E., R. Hardianto, C. Anam, D.B. Wijono, T. Purwanto and M. MALIK. 2003. This strategy of using agricultural wastes and agro-industry for the manufacture of complete feed ruminants. National Seminar Papers Beef Cattle Development, Lembang, Java West. Research and Development Center Livestock, AARD, Bogor.
Wahyono, D.E. 2001. technology assessment complete feed the sheep. Pros. Result Farming Systems Research and Assessment at East Java. Center of Technology Assessment Karangploso Agriculture, Malang.
DISCUSSION
question:
Does the business conducted by cattle breeders with a tail number of maintenance
still profitable? Should not be a group effort?
answer:
Still
profitable, provided that the cost of cheap cattle feed. This can be done by
feed created in groups, so cheap.
feed created in groups, so cheap.
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